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Candlestick Patterns: The Complete Beginner's Guide

If you have ever opened a trading chart and felt like you were staring at abstract art, you are not alone. Those red and green rectangles with little lines sticking out of them — candlesticks — look cryptic at first. But here is the good news: each candle follows one simple rule, and once you know that rule, every candlestick chart in the world becomes readable. The same logic applies whether you are looking at a stock, a currency pair, a commodity, or a crypto asset, and whether the chart covers five minutes or five years.

This guide walks you through candlestick charts from absolute zero. We will cover what a single candle actually shows, the most common single-candle and multi-candle patterns, how the time frame you are viewing changes what a pattern means, and — most importantly — why patterns fail and how to think about risk before you ever think about reward. By the end, you will be able to look at a chart and describe, in plain English, the story it is telling.

One thing this guide will not do is promise that candlestick patterns make money. They do not, at least not by themselves. They are a vocabulary for describing what buyers and sellers did during a window of time. A vocabulary is useful — it lets you think clearly — but it is not a crystal ball. Keep that distinction in mind the entire way through.

The anatomy of a candlestick: OHLC explained

Every candlestick summarizes four prices from a fixed window of time. Traders call these the OHLC values:

Open — the first price traded when the time window began.
High — the highest price traded during the window.
Low — the lowest price traded during the window.
Close — the last price traded when the window ended.

That is it. Four numbers. Everything else about a candle — its color, its shape, its "meaning" — is just a visual encoding of those four numbers.

The body

The thick rectangle in the middle of a candle is called the body. It stretches from the open price to the close price. If the close is higher than the open, the candle is usually colored green (or white in older books), and we call it a bullish candle: buyers pushed the price up over the course of the window. If the close is lower than the open, the candle is colored red (or black), and we call it bearish: sellers pushed the price down.

The size of the body tells you how decisively price moved. A long body means the open and close were far apart — one side clearly dominated. A tiny body means the open and close were nearly the same — the session ended close to where it began, regardless of what happened in between.

The wicks

The thin lines extending above and below the body are called wicks (you will also hear "shadows" or "tails"). The upper wick stretches from the top of the body to the high of the window. The lower wick stretches from the bottom of the body to the low.

Wicks show you where price visited but did not stay. A long upper wick means price traded much higher at some point, but sellers pushed it back down before the window closed. A long lower wick means price traded much lower, but buyers pulled it back up. Wicks are rejection made visible.

A worked example with numbers

Imagine a stock during one trading day:

It opens at $100.
During the morning it rallies as high as $108.
In the afternoon it dips to a low of $99.
It closes at $106.

The candle for that day would have a green body stretching from $100 (open) to $106 (close), an upper wick from $106 up to $108, and a small lower wick from $100 down to $99. Reading it in plain English: "Buyers were in control today. Price closed $6 above the open. There was some selling near $108 that pushed price off the highs, and a brief dip below the open that was bought back quickly."

Now flip it. Suppose the next day the stock opens at $106, pokes up to $107, slides all the way down to $96, and closes at $98. That candle has a red body from $106 down to $98, a short upper wick to $107, and a lower wick to $96. Plain English: "Sellers dominated. The early push higher failed almost immediately, and price closed $8 below the open."

Practice translating candles into sentences like this. It is the single most useful habit a beginner can build, because patterns are just sentences strung together into paragraphs.

Why candles beat line charts for learning

A line chart connects closing prices and throws away everything else. That makes it clean for spotting long-term direction, but it hides the battle inside each session. Consider two days that both close at $103 after opening at $102. On a line chart they look identical: a small move up. But on a candle chart, one might be a quiet candle with tiny wicks — an uneventful day — while the other might have a lower wick reaching down to $95, telling you price crashed mid-session and was aggressively bought back. Same close, completely different story.

Candles preserve that story. They show you not just where price ended up, but how hard each side fought along the way. For a beginner learning to read market behavior, that context is the entire point.

How to read a single candle like a sentence

Before memorizing named patterns, learn the two questions every candle answers:

1. How big is the body relative to recent candles? A body that dwarfs its neighbors signals conviction — one side overwhelmed the other. A body smaller than its neighbors signals hesitation or balance.

2. Where are the wicks, and how long are they? A long wick on one side shows that an attempt to move price in that direction was rejected. The longer the wick relative to the body, the more forceful the rejection.

Combine the two and you can read any candle, even ones with no textbook name. A candle that opens at $50, drops to $46, and closes at $49.80 is screaming "sellers tried hard and failed." A candle that opens at $50 and closes at $50.10 with wicks to $53 and $47 is saying "huge fight, no winner." You do not need a pattern name to extract that information — the names just make common shapes easier to discuss.

Single-candle patterns every beginner should know

Now the vocabulary. These are the most common one-candle shapes, what they look like, and the story each one tells. Remember throughout: a pattern's meaning depends heavily on where it appears, which we will cover later.

Doji: the market shrugs

A doji forms when the open and close are nearly identical, leaving a body so thin it looks like a horizontal line. For example: a stock opens at $50.00, ranges between $48 and $52 during the session, and closes at $50.05. Buyers and sellers both had their moments, but neither could hold an advantage.

A doji means indecision. After a long run in one direction, a doji can be an early hint that the dominant side is losing steam — the trend's momentum paused. In the middle of a sideways, choppy range, a doji means almost nothing, because indecision is already the default state.

Doji come in flavors. A long-legged doji has long wicks on both sides — violent indecision. A gravestone doji opens and closes near the low with a long upper wick (price rallied and was fully rejected). A dragonfly doji opens and closes near the high with a long lower wick (price dropped and was fully recovered). The gravestone leans bearish when it appears after a rise; the dragonfly leans bullish after a decline. "Leans" is the right word — none of these are commands.

Hammer: rejection of lower prices

A hammer has a small body near the top of the candle's range and a long lower wick, conventionally at least twice the body's height, with little to no upper wick. Picture a stock in a downtrend that opens at $80, gets sold hard down to $74, then rallies all the way back to close at $79.50. The lower wick from $74 to roughly $79.50 is the hammer's handle — sorry, its head took the blow.

The story: sellers extended the downtrend during the session, but buyers showed up in force and erased the entire decline. That intraday reversal of control is why hammers appearing after a sustained drop are watched as potential bottoming signals. A hammer in the middle of an uptrend is not a hammer in any meaningful sense — it is just a candle with a lower wick. Location defines the pattern.

The candle's color matters less than its shape, though a green hammer (close above open) is marginally stronger because buyers won the session outright.

Shooting star: rejection of higher prices

The shooting star is the hammer's mirror image: a small body near the bottom of the range with a long upper wick, appearing after a sustained rise. Example: after a multi-week rally, a stock opens at $120, spikes to $128 on excitement, then fades to close at $120.50. That long upper wick from $128 back down to the body shows buyers pushed price up and were thoroughly rejected.

A related shape, the inverted hammer, looks identical but appears after a decline instead of a rise. Its message is more ambiguous — buyers tried to lift price and failed, but the fact that they tried at all, after a long drop, sometimes precedes a turn. Most traders treat the inverted hammer as weaker evidence than a regular hammer and wait for the next candle to confirm.

Marubozu: total conviction

A marubozu is a candle with virtually no wicks at all — the open equals the high or low, and the close equals the other extreme. A bullish marubozu opens at its low and closes at its high: for instance, opening at $60.00, never trading below it, and closing at $66.00 right at the session's peak. Buyers were in control from the first trade to the last.

Marubozu candles signal one-sided conviction. After a breakout from a range, a marubozu suggests genuine commitment behind the move. But conviction cuts both ways: a giant marubozu can also mark exhaustion, the final emotional burst before a pause. Again — context, which we will get to shortly.

Two-candle patterns: engulfing and tweezers

Single candles are words; pairs of candles start forming phrases. Two patterns dominate this category.

Bullish and bearish engulfing

A bullish engulfing pattern appears after a decline and consists of a red candle followed by a green candle whose body completely covers — engulfs — the previous body. Worked example: on day one, a stock opens at $105 and closes at $100, a solid red candle. On day two, it opens at $99 (slightly below the prior close) and closes at $107, above the prior open. The green body from $99 to $107 swallows the red body from $105 to $100 entirely.

The story: everything sellers achieved yesterday was undone and exceeded today. Anyone who sold during day one is now underwater, and the balance of power has visibly flipped within two sessions.

The bearish engulfing is the mirror: after a rise, a green candle is followed by a red candle whose body engulfs it. Day one: open $90, close $95. Day two: open $96, close $88. Buyers' progress was erased and then some.

Engulfing patterns are stronger when the engulfing candle is large relative to recent candles and when the pattern forms at a meaningful level rather than mid-range.

Tweezer tops and bottoms

Tweezers are two adjacent candles with matching extremes. A tweezer bottom occurs when two consecutive candles share nearly the same low — say both candles bottom at $74.95 and $75.05 after a decline — showing that sellers pressed to the same level twice and were rebuffed both times. A tweezer top is two candles sharing nearly the same high after a rise.

Tweezers are subtle and, on their own, weak evidence. Their value is in marking a precise price where rejection happened twice, which gives you a concrete reference level. If price later breaks through that level, the tweezer's story is invalidated — and knowing exactly where a pattern's story breaks is worth more than the pattern itself.

Three-candle patterns: stars and soldiers

Three-candle patterns describe a full arc: dominance, hesitation, reversal — or sustained momentum.

Morning star and evening star

The morning star is a three-candle bottoming pattern appearing after a decline:

A long red candle continuing the downtrend — say, open $95, close $88.
A small-bodied candle (any color, often gapping lower) showing indecision — open $87, close $87.50, a tiny body around $87–$88.
A long green candle closing well into the first candle's body — open $88, close $94.

The arc reads: sellers in control, then a pause, then buyers seizing control and reclaiming most of the lost ground. The deeper the third candle closes into the first candle's body, the more convincing the shift.

The evening star is the bearish mirror at the end of a rise: a long green candle, a small hesitation candle near the highs, then a long red candle closing deep into the first candle's body. Same logic, inverted.

Three white soldiers and three black crows

Three white soldiers are three consecutive green candles, each opening within the prior body and closing near its own high, marching steadily upward — for example, closes of $50, $53, and $56 on successive days, each with small upper wicks. After a decline or a long base, this pattern shows persistent, orderly buying rather than a single emotional spike.

Three black crows are the bearish counterpart: three consecutive red candles stepping lower, each closing near its low. Persistent, orderly selling.

A caution on both: when the three candles are enormous and stretched far from recent averages, the pattern can mark the end of a move rather than the start — late chasers piling in at the worst time. Steady, moderate candles are the textbook version; vertical panic is not.

Context is everything: location, trend, and volume

Here is the section that separates people who memorize patterns from people who actually read charts. The same candle shape means different things in different places.

Location. A hammer sitting on a level where price has bounced three times before is interesting — rejection happening exactly where buyers have historically defended. The identical hammer floating in the middle of nowhere, far from any prior reaction level, is just noise. Before naming a pattern, ask: is this happening at a level that matters? (If you are not sure how to find such levels, that is its own skill — see the further reading at the end.)

Trend. Reversal patterns require something to reverse. A morning star is only meaningful after a genuine decline. A shooting star matters after a sustained rise. Pattern-spotting software that flags every doji on a chart misses this entirely.

Volume. When available, volume tells you how many participants backed a candle. An engulfing candle on triple the average volume carries more weight than the same shape on a sleepy, thin session. Volume is corroborating evidence, not proof.

A useful mental model: a candlestick pattern is a witness statement, not a verdict. One witness at the scene of the crime (a key level, after a real trend, on strong volume) is worth listening to. One witness who was three blocks away is not.

How time frames change the meaning

Every candle covers a fixed window — one minute, five minutes, one hour, one day, one week. The pattern logic is identical on every time frame, but the weight of the evidence is not.

A hammer on a daily chart summarizes an entire day of trading: thousands of participants, an actual session-long battle in which sellers drove price down and buyers reversed it. A hammer on a one-minute chart summarizes sixty seconds and might be caused by a single moderately sized order. Both are "hammers." They are not equally meaningful.

There is also a containment relationship worth internalizing: one daily candle on a typical stock chart contains roughly 78 five-minute candles. The clean hammer you see on the daily is, underneath, an entire morning of selling and an entire afternoon of buying. Conversely, the "huge bullish engulfing" you spotted on the one-minute chart may be invisible — literally a fraction of one wick — on the daily.

Practical guidance for beginners:

Learn on daily charts first. They are slower, less noisy, and each candle carries real information. You also can't be tempted to make impulsive decisions sixty times an hour.
Check the time frame above you. If you study a 1-hour chart, glance at the daily. A bullish pattern on the hourly that sits directly beneath heavy resistance on the daily is a fish swimming against the current.
Distrust intraday patterns near open and close. The first and last 30 minutes of a stock session are structurally chaotic; candle shapes there often reflect mechanics, not sentiment.

Why candlestick patterns fail

This may be the most important section in this guide. Every pattern above fails regularly — and understanding why will protect you from the biggest beginner trap: treating patterns as promises.

Patterns are probabilities, not certainties

At best, a well-located pattern shifts the odds slightly. A hammer at strong support might precede a bounce somewhat more often than chance — and "somewhat more often than chance" still means failing a large share of the time. If you risk in a way that assumes the pattern works, you will be hurt by the routine, expected failures, not by some rare disaster.

Everyone can see them

Candlestick patterns are centuries old and printed in every introductory book. When an obvious hammer forms at an obvious level, an obvious cluster of protective stop orders accumulates just below its low. Price sometimes dips below that low — triggering those stops — before resuming higher. Was the pattern "wrong"? Sort of. The market is an adversarial place, and obvious signals attract behavior that exploits them.

Context can be missing or about to change

A perfect morning star means little if a major economic announcement is scheduled an hour later. News, earnings, and macro surprises override any candle arrangement. The pattern describes the past window of trading; it has no information about the future.

Randomness produces patterns too

Flip a coin a few hundred times and chart the results, and you will find "hammers" and "engulfing patterns" in the pure noise. Some fraction of every pattern you see on a real chart is exactly that — coincidence. This is why single patterns in isolation, without trend, location, and confirmation, are close to worthless.

Failure is itself information

Here is the reframe that experienced chart readers use: a failed pattern is a signal. If a textbook hammer forms at strong support and price then slices straight down through the hammer's low, that failure tells you sellers are more powerful than the setup implied. The level didn't hold, the buyers who appeared were overwhelmed, and the path of least resistance may be lower. Learning to read failures this way turns every pattern into a win-win for your understanding, even when it would have been a loss for a trade.

Risk framing: what can go wrong, and how to think about it

Because patterns fail routinely, any practical use of them has to start with the question: where is this pattern wrong, and what would it cost me to find out?

Every pattern has a natural invalidation point — a price at which its story is dead. For a hammer, the story ("buyers rejected lower prices") is invalidated if price falls below the hammer's low. For a bullish engulfing, a close back below the engulfing candle's low erases the claim that power flipped. Before acting on any pattern, you should be able to state its invalidation price out loud. If you can't, you don't understand the pattern yet.

Things that go wrong in practice, even with this discipline:

Gaps. Price can jump past your invalidation level overnight, producing a larger loss than planned. Daily-chart traders in stocks live with this risk constantly.
Whipsaws. Price breaks the invalidation level by a few cents, takes you out, and then performs exactly the move the pattern suggested. Maddening, common, and unavoidable — it is the cost of having any exit rule at all.
Overtrading. Once you learn pattern names, you will see them everywhere, because shapes resembling them genuinely are everywhere. Acting on all of them is a fast way to bleed money on fees and noise.
Hindsight bias. Looking at historical charts, the patterns that "worked" leap out and the failures stay invisible. Your practice should include deliberately hunting for failed patterns — they are abundant, and finding them recalibrates your expectations.

None of this means patterns are useless. It means they are one input, valuable only inside a framework that includes location, trend, an invalidation level, and position sizing that survives being wrong many times in a row.

A simple practice routine

Reading charts is a skill, and skills come from reps. Here is a routine that costs nothing:

Pick one liquid asset and its daily chart. Scroll back two years.
Translate candles into sentences. Cover the right side of the chart, look at the most recent visible candle, and say what happened: who won, how decisively, what was rejected.
Name what you can, describe what you can't. Not every candle has a textbook name. Describing nameless candles accurately is more valuable than forcing names onto everything.
Find five failed patterns per session. A hammer that broke down, an engulfing that went nowhere. Note where the failure became undeniable.
Advance one candle at a time and check your read against what actually happened. Keep a simple journal. After a few weeks, your hit rate at describing (not predicting) will improve dramatically — and your respect for uncertainty will too.

Notice the routine never involves real money. Fluency first.

Frequently asked questions

Do candlestick patterns actually work?

They "work" as descriptions: a hammer really does show intra-period rejection of lower prices, by definition. As predictions, the evidence is much weaker — studies on individual patterns show small or inconsistent edges that depend heavily on market, era, and context. The honest answer is that patterns are a reading skill, not a strategy. Anyone telling you a specific pattern wins some specific percentage of the time is selling something.

Which candlestick pattern is the most reliable?

No single pattern is reliable in isolation. That said, multi-candle patterns (engulfing, morning/evening stars) at well-tested levels on higher time frames are generally regarded as carrying more information than lone candles in the middle of a range, simply because they aggregate more behavior. Reliability comes from confluence — pattern plus location plus trend — not from the pattern's name.

What time frame is best for candlestick patterns?

For learning, the daily chart: each candle summarizes a full session of real participation, the pace is humane, and noise is lower. Patterns on very short time frames (one- and five-minute charts) form constantly and fail constantly, because each candle reflects very little behavior. Whatever you choose, always be aware of what the next time frame up is doing.

Do candlestick patterns work on crypto and forex?

The logic of candles — bodies show net movement, wicks show rejection — applies to anything with an open, high, low, and close. Two caveats: crypto and forex trade around the clock, so daily "open" and "close" times are conventions rather than real session boundaries, which slightly weakens open/close-based patterns. And thinly traded assets produce erratic candles that reflect a handful of orders rather than crowd behavior. The more liquid the market, the more meaningful the candles.

How many patterns do I need to memorize?

Far fewer than the encyclopedias suggest. The handful in this guide — doji, hammer, shooting star, marubozu, engulfing, tweezers, morning/evening star, three soldiers/crows — covers the vast majority of useful situations. Past that, returns diminish quickly. Deep skill with ten patterns beats shallow familiarity with a hundred, and the underlying skill of translating any candle into a plain-English sentence beats both.

Can I trade using only candlestick patterns?

You can, but you shouldn't. Patterns answer "what just happened in this window?" They say nothing about where price is relative to important levels, what the larger trend is, or how much you should risk. Treat patterns as the final, fine-grained confirmation layered on top of a bigger-picture read — never as the whole picture.

Keep learning

Candlesticks are the alphabet of chart reading, but sentences need grammar — and on a price chart, the grammar is the levels where buyers and sellers have repeatedly fought. That is where to go next: read our guide to support and resistance to learn how to find the locations that give candlestick patterns their meaning. And if you prefer learning by doing, ChartsQuest turns all of this into a hands-on, step-by-step quest with practice charts and quizzes built in.

This article is for education only. It is not financial advice, and nothing here is a recommendation to buy or sell any asset. Trading involves substantial risk of loss.